Tree species diversity in commercially logged bornean. Pdf global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests. This work was carried out to study the diversity and regeneration status of some oak forests in garhwal himalaya, india. Trees species diversity, richness, and similarity were studied in fifteen plots of the tropical rainforests in the northeast of the republic of congo, based on trees. Low density plantings complemented by natural regeneration is an increasingly common reforestation technique to ensure growth of a sufficient number of trees from desired species while maintaining natural processes such as succession. Plots logged 8 years before sampling contained fewer species of trees greater than 20 centimeters in diameter than did similarsized unlogged. Species richness does not take into account the distribution of species within the area or what is referred to as species evenness. Tree species richness in amazonian wetlands is three times. Aet, ecosystem functioning, functional group, mediterranean forests, mixed forests, permanent plot, plant yield, regional analysis, species diversity, tree wood.
Tree species richness increases ecosystem carbon storage. Although many studies confirm that competition and disturbance play important roles in determining tree diversity locally, climatic constraints become. Distribution of plant species richness along elevation. Tree species richness, diversity, and regeneration status in. A fitted mechanistic model showed that among the forest plots, the net effect of temporal population variability on tree species coexistence was usually negative, but. A total of 1611 trees representing 114 species and 35 families were recorded from a total area of 3. The study species were the 55 tree species in afe that occur in the study area table 1. Pdf species richness of trees in disturbed habitats. Our results provide strong evidence for a positive effect of tree species richness on tree productivity at stand level in establishing subtropical forest ecosystems and support the idea that cooccurring species in highly diverse subtropical forest can differ in niches and competitive abilities. We hypothesized 1 bird species diversity and the number of birds would increase linearly with tree species diversity, that 2 bird species diversity and number of birds would. Linkage between tree species richness and soil microbial.
Diversification rates and species richness across the tree. Pdf assessment on latitudinal tree species richness. Assessment of tree species richness as a surrogate for macrofungal species richness. Delving into the variations in tree species composition and. Effects of tree species, number of trees, basal area and. In addition to total species richness, we computed richness of the 18 most restricted species, 19 species of medium incidence intermediate species and 18 most widespread species for each grid cell. Species richness varied for trees 47, saplings 310, and seedlings 26. Diversification rates and species richness across the tree of. Forest fragmentation modulates effects of tree species. A similar trend, although not statistically significant, was evident in the preceding year. In all of the plots installed, all trees with diameter at breast height, dbh. The first is the major intersite variation in tree species richness on a given continent. However, most species 87% of 1 species did not show an evidence for peninsula effect. Rain and cloud forests, with their 24 tree species, were by far the richest among the five main groups of forest types, while cloud and coastal dwarfforests, with 308 and 505 species, respectively, were the poorest ones.
Zapanta br, achondo mjmm, raganas afm, camino fa, delima, agd, mantiquilla ja, puentespina, rp, salvana frp. Longterm biodiversity conservation depends basically on the knowledge of the structure, species richness, and the ecological characteristics of vegetation. High richness of exotic trees in tropical urban green spaces. Seedling and sapling densities indha varied between 1,376 indha and 9,600. Similarly, and despite its long period of isolation from the northern temperate flora, the tree flora of new zealand corresponds closely to the same relationship between climate and species richness. Subtropical broadleaved forests in east asia are a hotspot of tree species richness but still underrepresented in ccycle research. Thus, although not conclusive, we assume that the peninsula. Impacts of species richness on productivity in a large. Tree richness appeared to initially 33 increase at low intensities but was reduced at higher intensities. The methods on offer range from the familiar, such as the calculation of various diversity indices and the fitting of common distributions, to more recentlydeveloped techniques such as total species complement estimators. Early positive effects of tree species richness on soil. The number of species in a local assemblage is an intuitive and natural index of community structure, and patterns of species rich.
Largescale biogeographical patterns of species richness of. Conservation of biological diversity, expresses species diversity in terms of number of forest dependent species. Likewise, you could have an ecosystem with high diversity and low species richness. For example, animal phyla can range from one described species placozoa to 1. Journal of applied ecology effects of silviculture on. Whereas 40 or more tree species can be found in the southern taiga in canada, this declines to 10 or so species near the tundra boundary. Tree species richness and turnover throughout new zealand.
Journal of applied ecology effects of silviculture on native. However, improved ability to predict species richness is required to bettermodel its spatially heterogeneous responses to global change. Tree species richness tsr in the southeastern region of us forests exhibit an inverse latitudinal pattern i. Fossil evidence shows that westcentral europe had a much richer. In the example above, if the majority of the individuals in plot b with eighty four different types of species all come from one or two different species, this plot would have low species evenness. Pdf tree species richness, diversity and distribution at. Pdf soil nutrients and tree species richness in costa. We will examine both alternatives as they are widely used in ecology.
Species diversity and richness 4 is designed for professional ecologists and their students. Latham and ricklefs 1993a compared mesoscale 100 km2 temperatezone tree species richness diversity within and between continents and found a. In new zealand forests there was also a decrease in species richness and turn over rates with increasing latitude. Vegetation interacts with topography and soils, modifying microsites and creating ecological niches for various plants and animals. Tree species richness affects litter production and. Formicidae and species composition of the catch in a semiarid eucalypt woodland. Tree species richness has been shown to positively affect aboveground stand productivity, aboveground tree c storage, leaf litter production, litter decomposition or soil c storage.
This study was conducted to investigate the tree species richness and diversity of urban and periurban areas of the federal capital territory fct, abuja, nigeria, and produce normalized difference vegetation index ndvi for the territory. Patterns of plant species richness in relation to different environments. Very high tree species richness seems to be a general property of mature lowland evergreen forests on fertile to moderately infertile soils on all three continents. Rain forest tree species richness plate 51 pasoh forest, malaysia plate 52 the extreme high species richness of trees in many tropical forests such as this one in ecuador is dif3 cult to explain, hence the paradox of the trees. Leaf area increases with species richness in young. In this study we model spatial variations in gridded tree species. The results published in the journal plos one include the most comprehensive list of wetland tree species produced to date. Full text get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 616k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Reproductive systems, fruiting and associated risks to native species.
Species diversity and species richness ecointelligent. The current study examines the prospect of mapping field assessments of sr in a highelevation, deciduous forest in northern iran as a function of 16 biophysical variables representative of the areas unique physiography, including topography and coastal. Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests jstor. Using the european tree flora as our study system, we implemented a novel approach to assess the relative. The effects of pitfall trap diameter on ant species richness hymenoptera. Jan 19, 2016 the number of species in local ecological assemblages is constrained by competition and other local interactions between populations. We quantified this temporal population variability for tree species in 21 large forest plots and found much greater variability for higher latitude plots with fewer tree species. It is well established that europe has far fewer tree species and genera than either eastern north america or eastern asia. Our results give only weak support to the hypothesis that ril reduces the negative 35 impacts of logging on tree damage, and do not support suggestions that ril reduces loss of biomass 36 or species richness. Pdf assessment of tree species richness as a surrogate for.
Variations in species richness across latitude and forest types. Species richness and traits predict overyielding in stem. You could have high species richness but low species diversity in an ecosystem. Mapping landscape variation in tree species richness sr is essential to the long term management and conservation of forest ecosystems.
Many factors have been forwarded to explain spatial variation in species richness. The impacts of human activities on tree species richness. Pdf linkage between tree species richness and soil. Research article tree species diversity, richness, and. We used species richness rather than some other measure of diversity e. Tree species diversity, richness, and similarity in intact and. In particular, we found that partial harvesting in both coniferous and broadleaved mediterranean forests may support greater tree species richness than complete harvesting. Managing the tree species richness and composition of these fragments to optimize their functioning and the deliverance of multiple ecosystem services is of great practical relevance. Boosted regression trees the majority of our analyses in this study are carried out using the relatively new statistical. This tropical plantation is part of a global network of forest diversity experiments with sites in germany, finland and borneo where a variety of ecosystem processes and properties are monitored in response to changing levels of tree species richness. The correlative models are based on a data set of 166 tree species from 7208 plots in an area of southeastern new south wales, australia. Aug 29, 2018 only by resolving the relative effects of tree species richness and stand age on ccycling processes, reasonable predictions about the role of species richness during forest succession are possible. Tree species occurring in the 17 urban green areas were identified and classified as native to. Pdf forest ecosystems are an integral component of the global carbon cycle as they take up and release large amounts of c over short time.
Pdf tree species richness increases ecosystem carbon. Patterns of tree species richness in relation to environment. The observed effects of biodiversity on growth appear strongly driven by positive complementary effects rather than by species. Assessment on latitudinal tree species richness using. Patterns in tree species richness as a test of the glacial. The meaning of z in species area regressions and the study of species turnover in island biogeography. The shannon diversity index, species richness, equitability, and species dominance were computed to see the variation in tree community among plots but also between primary forest and secondary forest. Plant families can range from approximately 22 750 species asteraceae to one ginkgoaceae.
Actual evapotranspiration aet and tree species richness. Soil nutrients and tree species richness in costa rican forests. However, immigration and the evolutionary and historical factors that shape regional species pools should also contribute to determining local species richness because local communities arise by assembly from regional species pools. Although species richness is well known to decline with latitude, our study provides support for a possible link between seasonality and disturbance with tree turnover and species diversity. In this study, selectively logged tropical rainforest in indonesian borneo is shown to contain high tree species richness, despite severe structural damage. Species richness for each quadrat at each spatial grain was calculated by summing the number of tree species with at least 1 stem. A total of 18 tree species belonging to 16 genera and 12 families were reported from the study area. Tree species richness, diversity and distribution at sungai menyala forest reserve, negeri sembilan. The two plots from the everwet forests near iquitos, peru, are the most species rich in the world, with. Prasad northeastern research station, usda forest service, delaware, ohio 43015, usa abstract potential changes in tree species richness and forest community types were evaluated for the eastern. Potential changes in tree species richness and forest community types following climate change louis r. Tree species richness of upper amazonian forests pnas. Actual evapotranspiration aet and tree species richness in the eastern u. The southeastern region of the united states exhibits an unusual trend of decreasing tree species richness tsr from higher to lower latitudes over the florida peninsula.
Tree species richness increases ecosystem carbon storage in. Mar 14, 2019 taking advantage of an observatory network of 53 temperate forest plots varying in tree species richness, tree species composition, and fragmentation intensity we measured 24 ecosystem functions spanning multiple trophic levels and analyzed how tree species diversitymultifunctionality relationships changed with fragmentation intensity. Tree richness in great britain and ireland can be accurately predicted from these north american patterns. Species richness varied for trees 4e7, saplings 3e10, and seedlings 2e6.
Effects of tree species richness on soc accumulation. Largescale biogeographical patterns of species richness. High richness of exotic trees in tropical urban green. Pdf on aug 5, 2019, m a abdul razak and others published tree species richness, diversity and distribution at sungai menyala forest reserve, negeri sembilan find, read and cite all the. In understanding the status of native and indigenous tree species in the presence of exotic trees, the species composition, diversity and richness were determined as baseline data for biodiversity conservation efforts. Seedling and sapling densities indha varied between 1,376 indha and 9,600 indha and 167 indha and 1,296 indha, respectively. Largescale biogeographical patterns of species richness of trees.
Based on a comprehensive dataset derived from fieldbased measurements, we tested the effect of species richness 320 tree species and stand age 22116 years on six compartments of above and. Potential changes in tree species richness and forest. Region effects influence local tree species diversity pnas. Geography, topography, and history affect realizedto. Pdf energydiversity theory has gained currency as an explanation for global patterns of species richness.
Species relative density rd species relative density, which is an index for assessing species relative distribution 21, was computed withwhere rd % is species relative density. Regarding evolutionary cause, simpson 1964 postulated that the. The logarithm of tree species richness had a significant linear effect on soc accumulation or soc reduction between 2010 and 2015, without significant deviation from linearity table 2, fig. Whetherthese patterns relate moreto the effects of hypothesized pleistocene refugia or to modern. Temporal population variability in local forest communities. We measured forest diversity using three variables. Understanding tree composition and structure of forest is a vital instrument in assessing the sustainability of the forest, species conservation, and management of forest ecosystems. Species diversity and stand structure are essential for forest biodiversity because trees provide the basic needs and habitat for other species. Plots logged 8 years before sampling contained fewer species of trees greater than 20 centimeters in diameter than did similarsized. A forest dominated by oak trees is an example of this other trees are also present, but the distribution is skewed. Species richness clearly declines from south to north in the taiga. However, ecologists have not agreed on the degree to which the unique history and geography of continental regions also influence local species richness.
Species diversity, stand structure, and species distribution. Two serious problems in the extant data base confound intercontinental comparisons of tree species richness. Data were collected from urban abuja city and periurban lugbe areas of the fct using both semistructured questionnaire and inventory of tree species. The effects of commercial logging on tree diversity in tropical rainforest are largely unknown. Our results suggest that tree species richness significantly affects soil microbial diversity p tree species in britain and ireland corresponds to that of north american areas of similar climate, without the need to invoke the historical explanation. Abstract forest fragments in highly disturbed landscapes provide important ecosystem services ranging from acting as biodiversity reservoir to. Furthermore, functional traits and species richness best predicted growth at the whole. As a result, animal or insect species richness often mirrors plant species richness along elevation gradients. Forest fragmentation modulates effects of tree species richness and. Species richness there are two ways to overcome this problem. On a regional scale in central europe there is a humpshaped relationship between soil nutrient supply and plant species richness within a given biome. Here we report that the differences in species richness between three northern temperate regions, europe. Regional and local patterns in plant species richness with respect to. This trend contradicts the widely marked latitudinal diversity gradient where.
A significantly positive tree species richness lai relationship was found at site a in august 2014 fig. Tree species richness, diversity, and regeneration. However, both the strength and direction of tree species richness and tree species composition effects on forest ecosystem multifunctionality may depend on the landscape context in which these forest remnants. Our aims were to model species richness with a method capable of revealing important ecological relationships, while also producing a map of predicted species richness that could be used in conservation planning. Upper amazonian data for tree species richness in 1hectare plots are reported. Reptile and amphibian species are almost nonexistent above 55. Species richness of trees in disturbed habitats within a protected area and its implications for conservation. Temporal population variability in local forest communities has mixed effects on tree species richness across a latitudinal gradient. The unevenness in species richness across the tree of life is striking. Tree species richness, diversity, and regeneration status. Abstract we present regression models of species richness for total tree species, two growth forms, rainforest trees broadleaf evergreens and eucalypts sclerophylls, and two large subgenera of eucalyptus. In this context, tree diversity, typically measured as tree species richness per area, is regarded as an important component influencing forest productivity and. Pdf landscape variation in tree species richness in. Our findings indicate that comparisons of tree species richness among communities.
Tree species diversity, richness, and similarity in intact. Research ice age legacies in the geographical distribution. Variation in demersal fish species richness in the oceans. However, both the strength and direction of tree species richness and tree species composition effects on forest ecosystem multifunctionality may depend on the landscape context in which these forest remnants are embedded. Shannons index because richness is easily interpreted and most relevant to theoretical richness function. Here, based on forest plots distributed throughout the world, we show that the species richness of forest. Tree species richness, diversity, and vegetation index for. Estimating tree species richness from forest inventory plot data. Whereas stand productivity, including leaf and rootlitter production, and tree c storage can be directly influenced by tree species richness, the size of.
1216 1459 408 87 1089 459 1180 1368 1384 519 1062 678 456 175 131 1385 1238 174 1138 1040 838 1111 416 1048 970 663 202 512 1542 915 1366 1130 841 531 1361 15 357 1051 299 189 1049 497